Published 6/28/2019

Are Crystals the Key to 3D Printing with Silicon Carbide?

If SiC was easier and cheaper to apply, we would find many more uses for this hard, lightweight ceramic. Researchers have found a promising additive manufacturing approach, with crystal growth as the bonding mechanism.

Peter Zelinski

Editor-in-Chief, Additive Manufacturing

In this image taken with a scanning electron microscope, the forms like big rocks are grains of silicon carbide, and the strands like spider silk are the crystals of silicon dioxide that formed after the solution was heated to 600˚C. Further research will investigate whether a different mix of grain sizes and/or higher temperature might encourage even better crystal growth that fills the intergrain spaces.

Dr. Ahmed El-Ghannam here with graduate student Damian Beasock examines samples that have been used to validate the crystal-growth method of bonding SiC, promising a manufacturing method much easier than molding processes today.

In the 3D printing lab of UNCC’s mechanical engineering department, an existing Z Corp 3D printer has been adapted to jet the solution facilitating crystal growth into a layer of SiC powder in much the same way it would be in an industrial AM process. The existing print head was not suitable for applying the needed solution. Engineering undergraduate student Shawn Dashty (seen here) worked to devise the new print head (using a syringe pump) for the SiC 3D printing experiments.

Silicon carbide (SiC) is a hard, lightweight, thermal-shock-resistant ceramic material used for parts as diverse as car brake discs and bulletproof body armor, and it could find use in many more applications if only it was more accessible. Today, making components from this material involves molding at high heat and pressure. Mold tooling is needed within a molding process capable of 2,000 to 2,700˚C and 1,000 to 2,000 atmospheres. But could those requirements and this intensity of processing be avoided? Could additive manufacturing (AM) make this material easier to work with?

Maybe yes. University of North Carolina Charlotte (UNCC) professor Tony Schmitz and associate professor Ahmed El-Ghannam are leading a research project that has found a potentially promising new 3D printing method involving a new mechanism for binding this material. A new mechanism is needed because the established approaches to additive don’t work well with silicon carbide. The inert material can’t be melted in a focused-energy process and it resists fusing through a process involving sintering. But Drs. Schmitz and El-Ghannam’s work shows that crystals of silicon dioxide (SiO₂) create a strong bond between silicon carbide grains, potentially pointing the way toward making parts with this material without mold tooling or a high-power molding press.

The material resulting from this process would not be pure SiC. Rather, it would be a composite of SiC and the SiO₂ binder. In terms of strength, hardness or other useful properties, it might be something less than molded SiC, but close.

The researchers’ approach involves chemically activating the surfaces of silicon carbide grains. A solution containing sodium hydroxide serves to break the bond between silicon and carbon at the surface. The free silicon is attracted to oxygen in the air. This attraction is enough that heating the green part to just 600˚C (that is, heating the part after it has been printed or otherwise formed) is enough to energize the silicon sufficiently to find oxygen and form SiO₂ crystals connecting adjacent SiC grains. That temperature, 600˚C, is low enough to be attained using an inexpensive benchtop furnace.

This effect has been demonstrated so far in discs and cylinders of SiC, ranging in size from 10 to 25 mm in diameter and 1 to 20 mm tall, that were soaked in the solution and heated. The next step will be to apply this effect in 3D printing to demonstrate the possibilities it offers for precise geometric control. During my recent visit to UNCC, I saw the 3D printer that the mechanical engineering department had successfully adapted for this purpose (see the third photo in the slideshow above). Dr. El-Ghannam points out that potential for geometric control in this process might be precise indeed—better than other 3D printing processes. This is because both sintering and heat treating, steps routinely associated with metal additive manufacturing, can change the form or dimensions of the part. By contrast, crystal growth is a binding mechanism between grains that leaves the positions of the grains where they are. With this method of bonding the material, there would be no appreciable warping or shrinkage.